Compare and contrast 1920s Essay Example for Free

Look into 1920s Essay 1. One of the fundamental reasons why the 21st century is better than the 1920s is the nineteenth amendment Women’s Suffrage. This demonstration was passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and sanctioned on August 18, 1920. Lady at last picked up the option to cast a ballot and do very similar things men did. In any case, most ladies were not rewarded as equivalent as men, yes they had their privileges, yet they still weren’t rewarded as reasonably as men in a good way. Presently in the 21st century lady and men are totally equivalent they are dealt with consciously, if not more deferentially than men are dealt with. Lady can do everything a man can manage without get a result, which contrasted with the 1920s would be viewed as a supernatural occurrence. 2. Harking back to the 1920s there was a ton of pressure in relations between the whites and hued americans. There was many race riots during this timeframe which started to make a division between the white and the shaded. Which at that point caused migration, making individuals become jobless, in view of this the american government began to get stressed and confounded on what to do. Presently, in the 21st century everybody is dealt with equivalent regardless of what their skin shading is , what sexual orientation they are, or what their race might be. Which is vastly different from the 1920s from that point forward America has made an astounding improvement and consolidated the individuals, as one. 3. In the 21st century individuals grumble about how they detest their occupations and don’t get sufficiently paid yet looking at this logically you ought to be thankful with whatever activity you have. During the 1920s, individuals needed to work the entire day and not simply to take care of their family for the afternoon, toiling over working machines so their children wouldnt be eager. In addition to the fact that they had to work throughout the day the working conditions they needed to work in, exacerbate it even. Regular individuals would be harmed gotten back home with a wrecked hand or broken finger, they despite everything would keep on working supposing that not they would be supplanted and would bite the dust from starvation . Presently in the 21st century individuals grumble for working a seven hour move and just make 50 dollars during the 1920s they would work 20 hours and still not make half of that. Before you whine about your issues consider how much harder others had it, and think how the 21st century resembles a fantasy contrasted with the 1920s.

Wake Up, Stark County! :: Sleeping Disorders Essays

Wake Up, Stark County! Roughly 40 million Americans experience the ill effects of ceaseless issue of rest and alertness, for example, narcolepsy, rest apnea, and a sleeping disorder. Most of those influenced stay undiscovered and untreated. At the Doctors Hospital Center for Sleep Disorders, 1001 patients are consistently treated for some type of these scatters right now (Roman meeting). Less than 5% of these patients are kids and 65% are men beyond 40 years old. Dr. Frankie Roman, a Board Certified Sleep Specialist, works this Center. It is the just a single accessible to Stark County occupants as of now. To enough examine these scatters, first we should give a working meaning of the individual conditions that the terms signify. Rest apnea is a discontinuance of air trade at the nose and mouth, enduring at any rate 10 seconds (Williams, pg. 48). Narcolepsy is a confusion of over the top languor. This lethargy is described by brief scenes of failures into rest that happen for the duration of the day, typically enduring not exactly 60 minutes. A sleeping disorder implies a powerlessness to rest. There are numerous sorts of a sleeping disorder, some substance, some enthusiastic, and some mental (Thorpy 104). Notwithstanding the 40 million individuals with constant rest issue, there are 20 to 30 million individuals who experience discontinuous rest related issues. These might be because of requesting work plans or potentially different other way of life stress factors. The results of rest issue, lack of sleep, and unnecessary sluggishness can be critical. They could even incorporate dreariness. It has been assessed that, in 1990, rest issue and sluggishness cost the United States at least $15.9 billion in direct costs alone (National Commission, vi). This gauge does exclude the billions of dollars in circuitous and related costs, for example, those owing to rest related debacles (for example Exxon Valdez establishing, engine vehicle mishaps, and lessened profitability in the work place). Some rest issue are possibly deadly, while others are minimal in excess of an inconvenience. Some are deep rooted, with consequences for relatives; others are brief and non-repeating. Nodding off improper ly can abrogate a couple of moments of TV, or it can make cataclysmic harm life and property. Patients are regularly thought to be languid and can turn out to be socially disengaged from loved ones. I am a survivor of rest issue. I experience the ill effects of rest apnea and narcolepsy. I am a standard patient at the Sleep Disorder Clinic at Doctors Hospital. Here, I am wired to different terminals which project from my head and afterward am advised to rest normally! My breathing and cerebrum waves are checked, and I am later educated regarding how often per night I have stopped to inhale all alone.

Healthy Work-Life Balance For Teachers

Healthy Work-Life Balance For Teachers Advisory board member, Jeanne, describes why it is important to unplug once and a while to avoid burnout. This way you will be able to teach better and live happier. by Jeanne Wolz Unlike many other jobs, the time you can spend on teaching is limitless, and the impact feels immense. This can be a dangerous recipe for passionate teachers--particularly if those passionate people do not consciously enforce boundaries.   Boundaries are what protect your incredible energy, creativity, and passion. They affirm that no one’s energy is infinite. They are a form of self-respect, self-care, and serve as a model for our students who watch how we operate in this busy world. Here are a few common areas that teachers can strengthen their own boundaries and in turn, teach better and live happier: 1. Turn off any and all work notifications from your phone. Every reminder of work responsibilities that we receive while we’re off the clock extends that work day a little longer and our anxiety levels a little higher. All of those “dings” can add up.   This week, try an experiment. Turn off notifications for one work-related app on your phone -- whether it be your work email, a parent-messaging app, or any other application that brings your mind back to school. Turn it off for a week, and observe two things:   How you feel.   How your work was affected.   When I started shutting off notifications from work on my phone, I felt extraordinary freedom. I turned off notifications one a time, starting with student notifications from Google Classroom and ending with notifications of work email.   Turning off my email notifications from work was the most incredible one of all. I learned that there was never an emergency that couldn’t wait to be handled until the next morning--and I also learned, as I grew my boundaries, that there was never a school emergency I should handle until the next morning. On top of that, my concentration levels increased both at home and at work.   Give it a go and see what might work better for you.   2. Put your phone away when you’re most vulnerable. Many of us have an entire professional world inside of our phones. Even if we’re not receiving notifications, there is still the temptation to log into email, or scroll through other teacher’s social media feeds, or read news that drains us.   There is a time and place for all of these things, but when we make it easy to access them when we’re the most tired, drained, or stressed, our phone can turn into distraction from serving our actual needs and adding deeper joy to our lives.   If you’re interested in learning more about decreasing screen dependence, there is an incredible Masterclass through the Mindfulness app, Calm, about managing screen addiction. While you have to subscribe, the Premium version of the app is free for educators. Well worth the listen, the Masterclass gives pointers on how to detach yourself from the phone-checking habit and focus more deeply on cultivating mindfulness and joy in your life.   One of the best pointers I learned from the class was to put my phone out of the room when I’m the most vulnerable to checking it. This, for me, are the times I’m tired (beginning/end of day and before bed) and hungry (before meals). Just by keeping my phone outside of the bedroom, I was able to give myself 2-3 additional hours of more replenishing activities like reading, sleeping, or simply listening to the silence (#teacherzen).   Small steps like this can make a huge difference in setting stronger boundaries to enhance your personal life and keep work at work.   3. Have set times when work is off-limits. Just like putting your phone out of the room you’re in, keeping work sectioned to specific hours of the day can go a long way in providing breathing and replenishing space.   To decide which hours of the day should be designated as “no-work” hours, pay attention for a few days which times of the day you feel the least productive. For me, this was after dinner. I noticed that no matter how hard I tried or how much I felt I needed to get done, I couldn’t get myself to be even remotely as productive as I was during plan periods or before school. So that was my first cut: no work after dinner.   Eventually, this grew to no work on Saturdays, and no more than 2 hours of work on Sundays. The transformation was incredible. With these boundaries, I found myself saying yes to so much more - board games in the middle of the week, going out to dinner on Sunday nights, trivia with friends on Wednesday. As my boundaries became firmer, my personal life bloomed. Another interesting result? My productivity increased.   So, your next challenge this week is to identify what hours of the day are particularly sluggish for you. Next week, do something else during those hours instead of work. Observe what happens.   4. Add something not work-related to your life. As you chip away your work hours and distractions during the day, you’re going to find that you have more time and energy than before. For many, this vacuum can be the downfall to keeping your work-life balance habits. If you’re one of those people that always feel like you need to be doing something (see my hand raised?), you’re going to feel this time/energy vacuum big-time. That’s where some thinking ahead comes in. Get ahead of yourself and find something new to commit to in your personal life. This could be as simple as playing a game with your kids at night, having weekly drinks with non-work friends, starting a new workout routine, or even joining a art class. The possibilities are endless.   As teachers, we can feel the pressure to isolate our personal lives to our breaks -- “I’ll take that art class maybe over the summer.” Or “I’ll have time to games with my kids over the weekend.” Every time we defer these little nuggets of happiness, we drain our energy and our passion.   Happiness is not meant to be compartmentalized, and your energy is not infinite. You’re allowed to be happy all year long, and to make that happen, it’s going to take a little boundary-making on your part.   Teachers need balance just like everybody else. And while the system may make it feel difficult to achieve it, that doesn’t mean it’s not worth fighting for. It’s worth beyond just improving our teaching, it’s worth it because we deserve to be happy. For more on self-care, check out these resources: Calm - free for educators! Teacher Self-Care Conference 5 Steps to Managing Teacher Burnout The Mindful Teacher Blog How do you unplug? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Jeanne Wolz taught middle school Writing and AVID in Illinois for four years in addition to serving as the English Department Chair. She holds a bachelor’s in English and Secondary Education and a master’s in Curriculum and Instruction. Currently, she teaches ESL, develops curriculum, and coaches new teachers. You can find more of her resources at www.teacheroffduty.com and follow her on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, or Pinterest.

Philisophical Background of The Stranger Essay - 1436 Words

Camus’ The Stranger Its Philosophical Background Albert Camus’ novel, The Stranger, appealed to a younger European generation that was trying to find its view of life after the tragedies of WWII and Nazism. Though he eventually came to more mature notions of how a human being should act before his tragic death from a accident in 1960, Camus always believed in the ideas expressed in The Stranger that man must find his own meaning in life, separate from religious or political doctrine. While he was brought up a Catholic, he largely rejected religious authority and he opposed any rigid political authority because of his experiences with totalitarianism. Marxism and Communism were popular political ideas in France at the time, but Camus†¦show more content†¦Existentialism emphasized the freedoms that humans have and the need to exercise their individual human will in responsible ways. His philosophy tended to be atheistic and Camus himself rejected all religion. The existentialists borrowed many of their basic ideas fr om the 19th century German Nietzsche, although there also were Christian types of existentialism derived from the work of Kierkegaard. Existentialism reacted against more standard philosophies such as rationalism and empiricism that looked to find some order in the universe and in human affairs. The atheist Mersault’s denial of any rational meaning to his life represents this idea in fictionalized form Camus’ philosophy seems to have come out of his personal experience. He grew up poor in Algeria but seemed to recognize from a young age that even the poor could appreciate the beauty of nature. It has been noted, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica that his early essays were â€Å"intensely lyrical meditations on the Algerian countryside. He valued natural beauty as something even poor people like himself could enjoy.† His early writings also â€Å"contrast the fragile mortality of human beings with the enduring nature of the physical world.† Camusâ⠂¬â„¢ interest in the physical world, as opposed to social life or emotions, is well displayed in The Stranger. In the novel, Mersault is interested in reactions of his own body, his sexual

Why Did Alexander the Great Burn Persepolis

In May 330 B.C., a little over a month before Alexander the Great went after the escaped, last, Great King of the Achaemenid Persians (Darius III), he burned the kings palaces at Persepolis for reasons we will never know for sure. Especially since Alexander later regretted it, scholars and others have puzzled over what motivated such vandalism. The reasons suggested generally boil down to intoxication, policy, or revenge (perversity) [Borza]. Alexander needed to pay his men, so he had allowed them to pillage the ceremonial capital city of Persepolis, once the Iranian nobles opened their gates to the Macedonian king. The first century B.C. Greek historian Diodorus Siculus says Alexander took an amount estimated to be almost 3500 tons of precious metals from the palace buildings, carried away on innumerable pack animals, perhaps to Susa (future site of the mass marriage of Macedonians, like Hephaestion, to Iranian women, in 324). 71 1 Alexander ascended to the citadel terrace and took possession of the treasure there. This had been accumulated from the state revenues, beginning with Cyrus, the first king of the Persians, down to that time, and the vaults were packed full of silver and gold. 2 The total was found to be one hundred and twenty thousand talents, when the gold was estimated in terms of silver. Alexander wanted to take some money with him to meet the costs of the war, and to deposit the rest in Susa and keep it under guard in that city. Accordingly he sent for a vast number of mules from Babylon and Mesopotamia, as well as from Susa itself, both pack and harness animals as well as three thousand pack camels.—Diodorus Siculus Nor was the money found here less, he says, than at Susa, besides other movables and treasure, as much as ten thousand pair of mules and five thousand camels could well carry away.—Plutarch, Life of Alexander Persepolis was now Alexanders property.   Who Told Alexander to Burn Persepolis? The Greek-writing Roman historian Arrian (c. A.D. 87 - after 145) says Alexanders trusty Macedonian general Parmenion urged Alexander not to burn it, but Alexander did so, anyway. Alexander claimed he was doing it as an act of revenge for the desecration of the Acropolis in Athens during the Persian War. The Persians had burned and razed the gods temples on the Acropolis and other Athenian Greek property between the time they massacred the Spartans and company at Thermopylae and their naval defeat at Salamis, where almost all the residents of Athens had fled. Arrian: 3.18.11-12 He also set the Persian palace on fire against the advice of Parmenion, who argued that it was ignoble to destroy what was now his own property and that the peoples of Asia would not pay heed to him in the same way if they assumed he had no intention of governing Asia but would merely conquer and move on. [12]But Alexander declared that he wanted to pay back the Persians, who, when they invaded Greece, had razed Athens and burned the temples, and to exact retribution for all the other wrongs they had committed against the Greeks. It seems to me, however, that in doing this Alexander was not acting sensibly, nor do I think there could be any punishment for Persians of a bygone era.—Pamela Mensch, edited by James Romm Other writers, including Plutarch, Quintus Curtius (1st century A.D.), and Diodorus Siculus say that at a drunken banquet, the courtesan Thais (thought to have been a mistress of Ptolemy) urged the Greeks to take this revenge, which was then accomplished by a tippling procession of arsonists. 72 1 Alexander held games in honour of his victories. He performed costly sacrifices to the gods and entertained his friends bountifully. While they were feasting and the drinking was far advanced, as they began to be drunken a madness took possession of the minds of the intoxicated guests. 2 At this point one of the women present, Thais by name and Attic by origin, said that for Alexander it would be the finest of all his feats in Asia if he joined them in a triumphal procession, set fire to the palaces, and permitted womens hands in a minute to extinguish the famed accomplishments of the Persians. 3 This was said to men who were still young and giddy with wine, and so, as would be expected, someone shouted out to form the comus and to light torches, and urged all to take vengeance for the destruction of the Greek temples. 4 Others took up the cry and said that this was a deed worthy of Alexander alone. When the king had caught fire at their words, all leaped up from their couches a nd passed the word along to form a victory procession in honour of Dionysius.5 Promptly many torches were gathered. Female musicians were present at the banquet, so the king led them all out for the comus to the sound of voices and flutes and pipes, Thais the courtesan leading the whole performance. 6 She was the first, after the king, to hurl her blazing torch into the palace. —Diodorus Siculus XVII.72 It may be that the courtesans speech was planned, the act premeditated. Scholars have sought clear motives. Perhaps Alexander agreed to or ordered the burning to send a signal to the Iranians that they must submit to him. The destruction would also send the message that Alexander was not simply a replacement for the last Achaemenid Persian king (who had not yet, but would soon be assassinated by his cousin Bessus before Alexander could reach him), but instead a foreign conqueror.   Sources Fire from Heaven: Alexander at Persepolis, by Eugene N. Borza;  Classical Philology, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Oct 1972), pp. 233-245.Alexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant; Translated by Amelie Kuhrt Princeton: 2010.Not Great Man History: Reconceptualizing a Course on Alexander the Great, by Michael A. Flower;  The Classical World, Vol. 100, No. 4 (Summer, 2007), pp. 417-423.The Aims of Alexander, by P. A. Brunt;  Greece Rome, Second Series, Vol. 12, No. 2, Alexander the Great (Oct., 1965), pp. 205-215.

The Pentagram A Symbol Of Power - 757 Words

The Pentagram is five pointed star drawn with continuous line and dose not have a circle around it and is used as a religious symbol and some refer to it as the star of life as it dose present all five elements, which make up all things. From Ancient Greek pentagrammon, noun form of the adjectives ‎pentegrammos, â€Å"five-lined, having five lines, it represents, truth, knowledge, understanding, and protection, and holds the elements with makeup all life there for making it the seed of life, and it dose not mean devil worship or anything else crazy like that not even upside down. The earliest now use of the pentagram was around 3500 BC in Ancient Mesopotamia on broken pottery, and has even been found of cave walls by early man. In later periods of Mesopotamian art, the pentagram was used in royal inscriptions as a symbol of imperial power extending out to the four corners of the world. The pentagram was also used by the Hebrews as a symbol of Truth and for the five books of the Pentateuch (The first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures) paganspath, History Of The Pentagram author springwolf, http://www.paganspath.com/magik/pentacle1.htm the pentagram has also been found in greece, In early hindu, and buddhist writings, and as well as in pre-Christian, Jewish, early Christian , and Celtic Druids belief systems, there have even been pentagrams drawn on cave walls by early humans, but the meaning of these drawing are use is unknown today. The Early ChristianShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Pentagram 1593 Words   |  7 PagesPentagram The simple definition of the term pentagram is a five-pointed star whose arms are equal length that is drawn with a continuous line. Throughout history, this symbol has been used by religions and has many different meanings. The Pentagram can be traced back to carvings on stone walls in ancient Mesopotamia, dating these carvings leads us back to 3500 BC. Many cultures use the symbol for various things. It is a sign of royalty, representing power sent to the four corners of the earth;Read MoreWhat is the Illuminati? The Illuminati is a secret society that was founded on May 1, 1776 . This800 Words   |  4 Pages and science; reduce abuse of state power, support the education and treatment of women as intellectual equals . Throughout time the Illuminati has undergone a change of philosophy. There are many examples in pop culture and in government symbols. The Illuminati now focuses on dominating the government and the entertainment industry. 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In this, I will be discussing how Satanism came into a music genre call black metal that was started in Norway and how it is a movement and not a contro versyRead MorePropaganda In Beowulf1007 Words   |  5 Pagesmonsters/thoughts that try to control everything in its way to cause complete destruction and terror across the land. The very notion of God in the story exhibits Christian beliefs and shows that Beowulf’s fight against the devil would be backed by God’s power and love toward his creations and the good word professes. The truth he represents is displayed in Beowulf’s character as well as his morals. The legend suggests that pagan beliefs surrounded it and the ancient mythological gods were replaced byRead MoreThe Myth Of Witchcraft : The Belief Of Magic And Its Powers1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of witchcraft goes back for centuries, differentiating from culture to culture. A concrete definition is unwritten but the main concept of witchcraft is the belief in magic and its powers. It is a form of sorcery, â€Å"the magical manipulation of supernormal forces through the casting of spells and the conjuring or invoking of spirits, for either good or bad purposes† (Guiley 378). Witchcraft is usually associated with the devil and considered harmful. However, in the ancient world, witchRead MoreEssay on Wicca865 Words   |  4 Pagesusually involves the practice of magick (spelled that way to differentiate from illusionists). Magick is defined as the process of causing change through focusing natural powers. Wiccans believe in the principle of what you put into so mething you get out of it;. This simply means that the bigger the desired change, the more power a Wiccan must put into it. Wiccan magick is purely natural; there is nothing supernatural about it. They use tools such as spells, chants, candles, amulets, and meditationRead MoreImportance Of A Pentangle And Their Long Uses And The Past History Associated With It1534 Words   |  7 Pagesabout its long uses and the past history associated with it. Beginning around 3500 BC in the vicinity of Mesopotamia is where the oldest known origins of a Pentangle can be found and dated. During this time the pentangle has been used as a religious symbol all around the world from the beginning of recorded history. The most common shape is a five-pointed star that is drawn as one main line that is broken into five line segments where one point of the star must be facing up. All through time, the shapeRead More The Illuminati Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pages In a system that claims to be democratic, a question of its legitimacy remains. Does the American public really have the power that the government says that we do? Conspiracies concerning the government have always been the center of many discussions and arguments. Cases like the Kennedy assassination, to even Elvis stories have gained a lot of attention. One conspiracy that has missed the public eye is the existence of the Illuminati. The word Illuminati derives from the Latin word Illumine, which

Technology and Reading free essay sample

We Read Reading has gone from print to becoming digital in todays world and affects not only the way we read but also the way we communicate with one another. since we are conscience about technology altering the way we read. Remember what a book looks like? Let me show you that by leaving our prints behind, the way we read today has scaled toa digital level, leaving standard books and letters obsolete. Even though you cant furnish a room with Just a single device, Ilke you are able with books, or you cant necessarily fling your e-reader across the room because you risk breaking it. Despite Jabr (April, 2013) stating Before 1992 most studies concluded that people read slower, less accurately and less comprehensively on screens than on paper. , technology has changed the way we communicate with the means of social media, the way we conduct business, and the way we plan for our future by Improving technology even further. The use ot social media has in tact attected us as a society in the way we read now. Facebook has been the most productive social network that has implemented the news and apps together seamlessly. The news has never been easier to be shared mong the world since the popularity of Facebook has developed. News agencies have had the opportunity to create their business pages via Facebook and spread the pages out globally to the active users on this social network giant. News articles are now viewable online and can be shared by a status update through Facebook, along with videos, poll questions, and even customer Input through direct messages or comments on these status updates. The news agency can find out precisely what readers are saying about their content and In most cases the help of their audience sharing the content or article on their own news feed has increased views. MacManus (2011) has said, Media companies such as Washington Post and The Guardian have connected to Facebook so tightly that even the mere fact of clicking on a link to their site sends an update to your Facebook news feed. If this is true, then the Integration of our dally Interests In these pages online and the technology with social media is stronger than ever. Can you imagine what will happen in the next 5, 10, or even 20 years? On the side of social media you have another network in Twitter, which allows people to connect by sharing their thoughts or links within a 160 haracter limit. Twitter has also changed the way we read because of its to the point updates. People now have a shorter attention span than ever with Twitters character limit, the patience people once had has diminished when reading news articles and stories, now all they want Is a summary. Ultimately this can affect an author or Journalist by having to, without a choice, blow people away with their articles or novels. Only time will tell if that will lead to a good or bad thing. Visual representation has been influenced by reading as well, with the likes of Vine videos here the videos are compacted into six seconds. Now when people view longer videos, tney lose patlence, It could De posslDle Decause 0T tne popularlty 0T tne slte for now, and hopefully it will fade away and get back to normal. I doubt it will since naturally, times have changed and have the pace at which we live has increased as each decade passes. These changes in technology have had a positive effect in the way our businesses operate today. Technology has changed the way the world conducts business in the world today. One of the major changes in business has been to conduct business with the use of -mail. E-mail in the business world has had a strong impact because now you can market your business with e-mail with E-mail Marketing much like mailing out flyers however sending out an e-mail is much more cost efficient and happens almost instantly. Speaking of cost efficiency, you can now do business across the world without having to send a hand-written or typed up letter to be mailed out and wait for a response to be mailed all the way back. You can also send out company wide information out to all of your employees to keep them up-to-date with how business is going. According to Kleiman (Forbes, 2013) theres still something to be said for taking the time to hand-write your thoughts. This ultimately means that it is a more formal way of conducting business, it also means you took the time to hand write the letter instead of sending an e-mail, which is said to be informal. Technology has had its impact on advertising as well, when you compare advertisements on print and online. Cost efficiency in advertising online rather than print is tremendously improved, where you can pay for the amount of clicks or hits you get only you are aying for what people already see rather than printing advertisements and risking people not seeing your ad. Statistic track-ability is also a huge plus when you advertise online, an issue you would have if you were to print your advertisements. Everything that has been outlined so far leaves one big question: What does the future have in store for technology and the way we read? The future of technology will affect the way we read and the way we operate knowing how others will read and communicate with us. The applications and devices that already exist for replacing books are expanding such as the Kindle line of products. Kindle is leading the way in innovation, with their newest product, the Kindle Single is where you read an essay or short story rather than a full length novel all published in digital form rather than printed on a book. Now another application is the Type N Walk app where it allows a user to send a text message from their smartphone and be able to see what is in front of them by way of the camera on the smartphone becoming activated. A society where we are constantly on our phones, this is what it has come to. How far will these new innovations go? Maybe biology will be the next big thing. There may come a time where books and devices no longer exist, with everything getting programmed into our minds. There really is no farfetched idea too extreme since technology moves rapidly through the times. The future is here now and it is not crazy to think that one day soon, we will have the ability to Just scan through a database Just by thinking it or speaking it for the convenience and rapid pace that time is going at. We will eventually have everything we search on the internet tapped into our brains for a more efficient society. Our brains can be connected to a glooal network so tnat companles wlll nen Know wnat we Ilke individually, with our privacy being taken away along with it.

Mississippi Burning Essays - Films, Mississippi Burning,

Mississippi Burning Mississippi Burning is a truly well-crafted movie about three civil rights workers, two of them white and the third black, who were murdered in Jessup County, Mississippi in 1964. This happens in the middle of the civil rights movement. Mississippi Burning is a rivetting drama based on a shocking true story. I feel Mississippi Burning is a great movie displaying the hateful ways of the south in the sixety's. The movie starts out with the three civil rights workers driving through Jessup County. They noticed that they were being followed by two cars. One of the mysterious cars started to ram the workers' vehicle, and they then desperately attempted to escape their attackers. When it seemed they had lost their assailants, the driver noticed a siren and lights. He pulled over only to be greeted by racial slurs and an eventual bullet to the head. All three workers were executed. Mr. Ward and Mr. Anderson are the two F.B.I. agents called up for the missing people case. They enter the town and ask around if anyone knows anything about the workers. When confronting the Sheriff and deputies, Ward and Anderson are greeted with hostility and sarcasm from the Sheriff's Deputy, Clinton Pell. When they question the Sheriff, Roy Stukey, he trivializes the case, proclaiming that the three workers were probably in Chicago, laughing at all the fuss they made. Ward and Anderson clash throughout the movie, they both have different ideas on what to focus on. Ward is in his late twenty's, and has been assigned supervisor of the case. He goes by the book and likes to follow proper procedure. Anderson is in his early 50's and from the south. He likes to get information any way possible. Anderson feels some resentment to Ward because he wasn't put head of the case. Ward and Anderson started to interview the black townsfolk about who killed the three boys, the violence escalated. Black churches were burned down and barns were set afire. Some of the blacks who said anything were beaten. One boy was locked in a chicken cook in the middle of a cotton field. Most of the black people refused to say anything, but the ones who did blamed the corrupt Sheriff's Department. Ward decides to call for more men. After enough asking around, the F.B.I. agents discover that the civil rights workers' car in a swamp, half-way submerged. Ward calls for one hundred more men to help comb through the area and for support on the case. This greatly outrages the Sheriff's Department, the Mayor, and many of the townspeople. It even brings country wide media coverage on the case. Throughout all of this, even more burnings occur, and the crimes become even more heinous. Ward and Anderson do some checking on the sheriff's and his deputies, and discover that Clinton Pell is one of the leaders of a local Klan branch. They question him, but he denies everything. The violence level is at an all time high. Lynching even occurs. Eventually, the bodies of the three civil rights workers are found in the swamp. The whole ordeal heats up quickly, with more evidence mounting up against the Sheriff's Department. Ward lets Anderson start to do more things his way, and starts to ruthlessly intimidate his suspects. They know that it would be impossible to convict any of the suspects in a state court, so they go after them for civil rights violations. After detaining one of the men, Lester Cowens, they scare him into giving them seven names. Two of them Sheriff Stuckey and Deputy Clinton Pell. Cowens says that Stukey and another man, Clayton Townley, another KKK leader, planned the murders but were not actually at the scene of the crime. Six out of the seven were convicted of civil rights violations. The sentencing went as follows. Frank Bailey (a bartender, trigger man): Ten years in federal prison. Lester Cowens: Three years in federal prison. Floyed Swiley: Seven years in federal prison. Clinton Pell: Ten years in federal prison. Sheriff Ray Stuckey: Acquitted of all charges. Wesley Cooke: Seven years in federal prison. Clayton Townley: Ten years in federal prison. Mississippi Burning had great visuals. It wasn't so much the special effects, but just the way it presented itself. The

Joints and Body Movements Essay Example

Joints and Body Movements Essay Example Joints and Body Movements Paper Joints and Body Movements Paper Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement. Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints. In this exercise I will exam how joints function and thereby discover how they allow for movement in the body. Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. Basic lab precautions, including keep a clean workspace and washing your hand when dealing with raw poultry. In order to ensure that this occurs layout the equipment beforehand in a clean sterile environment and follow safe work practices. Exercise 1: Questions A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is related to the overall function of the cranium. Children’s heads needs to squeeze through the birth canal during delivery, humans during infancy have evolved with a soft skull composed of many different bony plates that meet at regions called cranial sutures. These sutures also allow the skull to grow rapidly during the first year of life, at which time the bones start to slowly fuse together. This allows the skull to continue to protect the skull during early development. B. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints? These joints are weight bearing and the joints provide stability and cushioning. Synarthrotic joint is to provide a stable union between bony surfaces. The suture and synchondrosis actually become more stable when ossification of the joint takes place. Exercise 2: Questions A. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important? Amphiarthroses provides an articulation between bony surfaces that permits limited motion and is connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage, such as that between the vertebrae. B. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar? Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage. Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. Cartilaginous joints also form the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. Exercise 3: Questions A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement? Plane joints permit sliding or gliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces. The opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost fat, with movement limited by their tight joint capsules. B. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints? Diarthrosis permits a variety of movements. All diarthrosis joints are synovial joints and the terms diarthrosis and synovial joint are considered equivalent. C. Which synovial joint is most movable? A ball and socket joint is a joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in a 360Â ° angle. D. What are the four structural characteristics that all synovial joints share? Synovial joints all have synovial fluid, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves. Exercise 4: Questions A. Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why? Inversion which is a gliding joint and provides little movement. B. Hinge joints like the elbow and knee have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more prone to injury? Hinge joints in the elbow and knee contain a lot of anatomical structures packed into a tiny space and when challenged with heavy and constant use, it thus especially prone to injury and infection. C. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior of the arm) contracts. What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior of the arm) as this action is performed? As you perform flexion on your arm the triceps muscle relaxes. D. Both the shoulder and the hip are ball and socket joints. Why does the shoulder have a greater range of motion than the hip? The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it the most mobile joint in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360Â ° in the sagittal plane. Exercise 5: Observations Sketch your chicken wing: Label the bones, muscles, tendons and joints. Exercise 5: Questions A. What effect will the tearing of a tendon have on its corresponding muscle? The corresponding muscle will shrink due to the decreased activity tendon. This is because when the tendon is torn the area around the tendon will not be in very much use until the tendon is repaired which can take a good while unless professionally handled. The muscle will go back to its original size once the tendon heals and the muscle is used more. B. Why are ligaments harder to heal than tendons? Tendons heal faster than ligaments. The reason is that tendons are connected to the muscle, which will allow them to receive a larger blood flow. Ligaments are connected to bone which supplies less blood. Blood is the key -what carries nutrients in order to repair the tissue. C. Compare and contrast tendons and ligaments. Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to muscle. D. What is the function of fascia? It is responsible for maintaining structural, provides support and protection, and acts as a shock absorber. The function of muscle fasciae is to reduce friction to minimize the reduction of muscular force. Fasciae: a) Provide a sliding and gliding environment for muscles. b)Suspend organs in their proper place. c) Transmit movement from muscles to bones, and d) Provide a supportive and movable wrapping for nerves and blood vessels as they pass through and between muscles. [ E. What effect would the loss of articular cartilage have on a joint, its bones and their corresponding muscles? It causes the breakdown of the cartilage in joints. It also called degenerative arthritis. Cartilage is the joints cushion. It covers the ends of bones and allows free movement. If it becomes rough, frays, or wears away, bones grind against each other. As a result, the joint becomes irritated and inflamed. Sometimes the irritation causes abnormal bone growths, called spurs, which increase swelling. Conclusions Explain how skin, bones, and muscles are related to each other. Why is this relationship important to the understanding of the skeletal and muscular systems? Joints are where two bones come together. The joints hold the bones together and allow for movement of the skeleton. All of the bones, except the hyoid bone in the neck, form a joint. Joints are often categorized by the amount of motion they allow. Some of the joints are fixed, like those in the skull, allow for no movement. Other joints, like those between the vertebrae of the spine, allow for some movement. Most of the joints are free moving synovial joints.

Helen Keller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Helen Keller - Research Paper Example Helen Keller’s writing is faultless; she has authored numerous articles, letters and books, yet manages to maintain the same endearing finesse in each one of them. Helen owed this literary prowess to her teacher, friend and confidant - Ann Sullivan; Sullivan’s fixation on non-erroneous writing laid the foundation for how Helen Keller wrote in the future (Goddy 22). One must realize that the beauty in language displayed in Keller’s work cannot be learnt as this is a gift of nature; however, having the right teacher can either stifle this gift or stimulate it. Fortunately, for Keller, she had the advantage of having an educator who understood the importance of furnishing one’s students with rich and sufficient literary content. Mastery in writing is not something that one learns in isolation; one requires frequent exposure to various stylistic forms, which can only come from reading good books. Miss Sullivan had excellent taste in literature; she wanted Keller to learn from the best of them thus explaining why she chose slightly mature books for Helen’s age. â€Å"Tales from Shakespeare† and â€Å"Montaigne† were just some of the several classics that formed part of Sullivan’s selections for her young protà ©gà ©. Ann Sullivan’s love and passion for proper English nourished Keller’s literary talent; if this enthusiasm were absent, it is likely that Keller would only have read juvenile literature. Her manner of expression may not have grown to professional levels, and she may not have been the great author that many now know and love. Perhaps Sullivan’s most profound influence in Helen’s life was during her seventh year when Keller discovered the joys of language. Ann found a way of getting through to Keller when no one else was able to do so; she used her background as a former visually-impaired person to teach Keller the marvels language. In fact, Helen often credits her discovery of the world

America's Ability To Produce Goods, Then And Now Research Paper

America's Ability To Produce Goods, Then And Now - Research Paper Example The concept of capacity of goods can be defined by defining five propositions. First of these proposition is the maximum attainable production. Second proposition is that production is needed to be maximized because of several economic factors and not on the basis of technological factor. Third proposition is that there are varieties of answers which can be given to the theory of â€Å"maximum attainable production†. The answer to this proposition can be defined on the basis of economical basis. The fourth proposition is that the investigator of the factors of capacity to produce may use certain economic factors to define this concept. The final proposition is that the estimation in the increase in output. The maximization of capacity can be studied on the basis of the technological factor as production maximization is strongly linked to capacity maximization. The plan of capacity maximization is based on the technological changes as well as the new capital investment in the m anufacturing sector. American Production Capacity in Great Depression The great depression occurred in America, Europe in many other industrialized countries of the world from 1929 to 1939. The great depression affected the performance of the industries.... of that year that it was determined by the government that the investors of the stock market lost about $ 40 billion from this collapse of the stock exchange. The performance of the American economy can be seen at the time of the great depression on the basis of the economic statistics. In 1933 (at the time of the great depression), the GNP of the country decreased to half of what it was in the year 1923. The production of the industry fell to half of its production in a decade before, and also the construction of new plants decreased in the country by 90 percent. The production of the automobile industry decreased to about half of its average production, whereas the steel industry, at the time of the great depression operated at 12 percent capacity (The Depression in the United States--An Overview, 2013). Under the presidency of Herbert Hoover about 13 million Americans in the labor force lost their jobs. Out of these unemployed people about 63 percent remained unemployed for almost a year, 43 percent were unemployed for almost two years and 24 percent and 11 percent were unemployed for over three years and four years, respectively (Economic Recovery, Part II: America's Capacity to Produce, 2011). Unemployment in America during the great depression was as high as 24.1 percent, in the year 1933. This rate did not drop to until the WWII, when the rate of unemployment dropped to 14.3 percent (Timeline of the Great Depression, 2010). Wall Street Great Crash initiated financial meltdown in the year 1929, where assets worth in billions was vanished into air. The wealthy Americans who owned most of the nation’s stock faced great loss due the fall in the value of the New York stock market by 80 percent. During the great depression, two out of every five banks collapsed

Attachment theory in raising children

Attachment theory in raising children Attachment is the link that forms between the person taking care of an infant and the infant itself from when it is between eight to nine months of age, giving the child security emotionally. Bonding starts from when a child is being given food, and goes on to participating in pseudo-dialogue and then it is followed by the child taking part in more active roles of proto dialogue, as shown by Kaye (1982), other ideas such as inter-subjectivity and scaffolding have been looked into by psychologists. As an infant continues growing, their attention towards the person taking care of them increases. John Bowlby (1958, 1980) founder of the attachment theory was involved in extensive analysis on the emotional link between infants and adults and he had a strong belief that the early relationships greatly determined the emotional and behavioral growth of a child. An earlier study done by Bowlby in 1944 found out that children who had an unstable upbringing where more likely to become juvenile derelicts. His work is often free to criticism and has been improved on with further research. Other following research has measured different levels of security and insecurity in children from early times by use of the method known as Strange Situation Test. Other explorations have also shown different types of the difficult habits and how a child may relate with the person taking care of them actively. Bowlbys theory was founded on ideas from ethology studies and earlier works. The psychodynamic theory as put by Sigmund Freund was very pertinent during the 50s following the Second World War when women were taking up caring for households and playing motherhood roles as men were going back to employment post war. Sigmund believed that every child ought to have a relationship with one caregiver monotropism and that separating from this person would bring about the proximity promoting behaviors in the attachment order. The caregiver coming would cause the behaviors of, clinging, making noise and crying to come to an end. The protected grounds of the affectionate links present between the parent and infant representation becomes part and parcel of the inner working model. These therefore become the heart and the base of all close relationship during continuation of the childs life all through to adulthood. The interference of a mother and childs relationship through lack of emotion, se paration and bereavement to the bonding process. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation (1951, 1953) was supported by Konrad Lorenz imprinting study on the young ones of animals done in 1966. He believed that the childs caregiver should impress as a constant figure, and that lack of maternal links between mother and child could be dangerous to the childs health mentally and could cause delinquency. His opinions on long term organizational care were that if a child was placed in a foster home before reaching two years and six months social, emotional and cognitive development may not be delayed but his other works show there has been varying types of parting in youth with serious behavioral issues. Attachment behavior as looked into by Mary Ainsworth works (1985 Ainsworth and Bell, 1974 Ainsworth et al 1978) becomes the base for all potential connections and this develops up to two years from the time the child is born. She also agreed with Bowlby on the view that the attachment bonding occurs at the age of two years. Roughly when t he child is seven months old they become watchful of strangers and unknown environments. This continues until the child attains two years of age. The process Ainsworth (1969) investigated to determine if a child was securely or insecurely connected was the strange situation paradigm. This involved a series of short separations and reunions. The childs parent and a person unknown to the child took part in the study with a child aged one year, there were eight series in total and Ainsworths measurement on secure and insecure connection was founded on the reunion scene of how the child reacted in such a situation. Evaluation was carried out using four different variables. The results showed that there were three main varying styles of adjusting. Type A was the anxious/avoidant. Type B secure and Type C was the anxious /ambivalent. Most children showed secure attachment; one fifth of them showed anxious/avoidant and one tenth showed anxious/ambivalent. Main and Solomon (1990) introduced yet another variable, D Type: which in recent times was disorganized to match the behaviors of children in risky environments. The strange situation paradigm, has been faulted by Judy Dunn (1982, 1983), she believed that children from varying backgrounds like institutional care and those living with their families may bring different meanings to the test and the childs environment. The method and results of the experiment are doubted even by Judy Dunn herself. In another study carried out by Richman in 1982 et al it showed that different dangerous factors of disturbed behavior can be evident from the time a child is three years old. Some of the factors known to influence a childs emotional development are the mothers mental state, marital stability and the parents attitudes to the child. The childs active part must also be taken into consideration when giving advice on bringing up children as is shown in Sameroffs 1991 transactional model, as children interact with their environmen ts, while the caregiver develops the childs behavior and how they will relate in future. In Ainsworth and Bowlbys view in which they both agree relationships are universal it can said that different peoples and cultures have different degrees on how long a child should be left alone, Japanese, the Chinese and the Israeli results showed Type C in a research done across cultures by one Marinus van Ijzendoorn and Peter Kroonenberg in 1988. Problems could also be with the ethological view of drawing comparisons between children and the young ones of animals as they could be controlled by an instinct. Bowlby considered only the effect on the child by the caregiver yet other factors could affect this such as the child moods. A mother whose child has a thorny mood could prefer to work and leave their child in a day facility which in turn could have a negative effect on the mother being unable to leave the child behind with other people. The mothers patience and the look of the goodness of fit Chess and Thomas (1984) could impact on the behavior and a reflection on the attachmen t link between the child and mother. Bowbly and Ainsworth were together in the development of secure links as per the sensitive mothering of a child in its first year but it could have an impact on the mother as argued by Woollet and Pheonix in 1991, where if she has to give up all her earlier duties and work possibly leading to frustrations. A workable alternative is to share the responsibility of parenting but this would be in contrast to Ainsworth and Bowlbys opinion. The showing of the movie A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, by James Robertson in 1952 showed the stress and pains of a child separated from the mother during a long stay in hospital. During this period mothers were advised not to pay regular visits to their children while in hospital. According to Ainsworth and Bowlby the separation of the child could have terribly affected its emotional wellbeing and the bonding process. Separation and providing alternative means for taking care of the child have been researched on more recently. Day care was among the topics researched into by Bowlby and he believed that if a child started nursery schooling before attaining three years of age, it would also cause irreparable damage to the child. However, recent studies done during the 70s and 80s have shown varying opinions and this was proved in a research carried out by Laurence Steinberg and Jan Belsky in 1978 and in yet another study done by Clarke-Stewart and Fein (1983). A much later study don e by Belsky (1988), had different views as mothers who worked for more than 20 hours a week showed a higher level of insecure attachment as compared to his earlier study which found absolutely no problems with taking children for day care, Clarke-Stewart opposed this data. Other crucial factors that needed to be taken into consideration according to Belsky were the difference in the surroundings, the children in the day care facility, the staff at the day care and the quality of the day care.

Medicare :: essays research papers

The Medicare DebateEssay submitted by Unknown The U.S. government have denied that Medicare has been going bankrupt. Although the government may say that Medicare has plenty of money it is untrue because it is a fact that Medicare will go bankrupt by the year 2001 as stated by preliminary sources. Medicare is one of the main sources of funding for those people that have no money or very small amount of money. The community service that was done for this research paper is hospital volunteering at John Muir Medical Center. The community service included various jobs that was needed to be done were, Putting items away for nurses, discharging patients, doing paper work, feeding patients, answering phones, and helping patients when they ask for assistance. The floor I worked on was Oncology (The branch of medicine that deals with tumors, including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention). This community service has help me gain insight on the Medicare situation be cause I have asked multiple amount of people that work at John Muir Medical Center. There is a side to be considered about Medicare and Social Security in the government. The vice president of the United States, Al Gore, wrote in a letter stating that social security funds are not being depleted. Gore said that, "the allegations to the contrary have been circulated by certain organizations as a money-making scheme for some time." (Gore Letter). Vice President Gore tries to show theses allegations are untrue by explaining how social security works. In this letter, Vice President Gore cleared up the allegations by writing that, "When Social Security taxes are collected, they are credited to the Social Security trust funds with government security, perhaps the safest investment in the United States. In history Medicare has experience a few problem regarding it's funding. Problems have occurred over the history of Medicare. The major problem and most recent of Medicare is that it is going bankrupt. Medicare is another legacy of Lyndon Baines Johnson Great Society. Spending is obviously out of control. On June 5th the government announced that the Medicare Trust Fund would go broke by the year 2001(nationaldebt). In 1965 when LBJ started Health and Medicare, the Total Federal Spending for the year was $101 Billion. By the year 2000 we will spend over 4 times than amount on Health and Medicare alone, and Medicare will equal the annual spending for Defense(CNN).

Consumer Perception Towards Brand Choice

Changing Perception of Consumer towards Brand Choice and the role of culture in it: A Pakistan perspective An Argumentative Paper on the Bond between Brand Choice, Consumer’s Perception and Culture influence Ikra Nasir Bachelor of Business Administration, Comsats University of Science and Technology, Islamabad campus, Pakistan Haider Ahmed Qazi Bachelor of Business Administration, Comsats University of Science and Technology, Islamabad campus, Pakistan AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the importance of analyzing the consumer perception towards local and foreign brands. An argumentative approach has been used to reveal the importance of Consumer perception. Local and foreign brand choice is affected by brand image, country of origin, brand awareness, brand quality, Materialism. With the increasing trend of globalization consumer have become much more aware and their perceptions are changing at rapid pace, it has been seen that price, quality are considered to be major determinants of making their brand choice.Consumer’s value local brands because of low price but they prefer foreign brands because of better quality and durability and for status enhancement reasons. In order to understand consumer perception we need to understand culture so that necessities and behavior of consumers are well understood. The paper shows a link among three concepts and how they are interconnected. The discussion section views the concepts based on the findings of the research. A theoretical framework has been described which exhibit the antecedents on which the three concepts are being measured.Lastly the paper conclude that a cross-culture study is essential to understand the changing perception of consumers when making a brand choice between local and foreign products Keywords: Brand Choice, Perception, Globalization, Culture, Local and Foreign Brands Contents 1. Introduction3 1. 1. Problem Statement5 1. 2. Objectives of the study 5 1. 3. Significance of the research5 1. 4. Scope of the research6 1. 5. Limitation of research6 2. Literature Review6 2. 1 Local and Foreign Brands6 2. 2 Consumer Perception8 . 3 Role of Culture9 2. 4 Link between Local and Foreign brands, Consumer Perception, Culture. 10 3. Theoretical Framework and antecedents of variables11 4. Hypothesis12 5. Data Analysis12 5. 1Population13 5. 2Sample size13 5. 3Sampling Method14 5. 4Data Description14 6Discussion16 6. 1Consumer perception and culture18 7. Conclusion19 8. Recommendations19 References20 Appendix25 1. Introduction ‘People are pawns in the hands of giant companies with huge advertising budgets and global reach.Brands bring something that people think is better than what they feel’ . – (The Economist, 2004) The study aims to understand the consumer perception towards local and foreign brands in the Pakistani market not only in fast moving consumer goods segment but also in other industries as retailing, clothing . Through consumer perception of price quality and value are considered pivotal determinants of shopping behavior and product choice (Bishop 1984; Doyle 1984; Jacoby and Olson 1985, Sawyer and Dickson, 1984) ( Valarie A. Zeithaml, 1988).Pakistani market is taken into study because of increased globalness many international companies are now entering into the market on the strength of rising affluence level of the young Pakistani population along with the heightened awareness of foreign brands, international shopping experiences the demand for foreign products are increasing in Pakistan The increased global competition among foreign firms operating in different parts of the world are not only offering products but also offering increased standard for living and improved lifestyle of consumers around the world.So now the markets need to understand the consumer perceptions and evaluations of foreign products more than ever before (Simriti Bajaj, 2007). We are also interested in underst anding and considering the factors that affect the consumer evaluation and perception of foreign products against local products Consumers when come in a market are faced with a choice between local and foreign brands how they make this choice is obviously worth researching Studies already show that the consumer perception towards brand quality and acceptability is perceived directly from where the brand is from.This shows that brand country of origin play an important role in determining the quality of brand which influences their attitude and purchase intentions. In developing country like Pakistan brand origin (that the brand is from which country) affects the perception of consumers for foreign products (Kaynak et al. , 1999) and this foreign product can be more favorable if the brand is from the western or developed country.Consumers evaluate products more positively which are particularly from the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, the UK and France (Bhuian, 1997) brands are well rec ognized by consumers around the world, and are perceived as to representing a high status and quality we believe that this effect consumer assessment of brand quality rating (Lee,M,Y. , Knight,D. , Kim,Y,K. , 2008) Looking at how consumers perceive local brands. The study revealed that local brands benefit from a better value.As it is mention by Simriti Bajaj (2007) that Value is linked with the fact that prices of local brands are usually lower than those of international brands, providing consumers as sense of better value for money. As tell by (Sankar,S,M. , 2006) Local brands are perceived as more â€Å"down to earth† than an international brand, Research shows that perceived brand globalness for global brands could create consumer perceptions of brand superiority (Shocker et al. , 1994)(Sankar, S. M. , 2006) Consumers prefer global brands because they usually offer more quality and better guarantees than other products.Consumers look to global brands as symbols of cultur al ideas â€Å"Local brands show them what they are while global brands show them what they want to be† Shocker et al. , (1994) cited by Sankar, S. M. , (2006) Consequently when companies are doing marketing of brands across cultures firms make strategies that assert a standardized brand through the use of advertising, symbols and other imagery Marketers seek to develop brand that is rational for all the consumers in the world. ( Foscht,T. , Maloles III,C. , Swoboda,B. Morschett,D. , and Sinha,I. , 2008) Culture play an important role in determining the Brands personality it is perceived differently by consumer either in culturally-homogeneous or heterogeneous markets the culture meaning which could be assigned to the brand is influenced by culture differences in diverse communities. In the paper of â€Å"Brand culture and consumption: Chinese consumers and foreign brands† Chen Li a professor of management science in France university d’Aix tells that Chinese ha ve accepted foreign brands happily.Culture values are thought of determining the attitude and behaviors of consumers (Kamakura and Novak, 1992) With the increase trend of globalization, Consumers in Pakistan are now becoming more informed, demanding and sophisticated consumers attitude is changing at rapid pace. consumers are becoming aware of westernized products and they feel that buying and having a foreign product make them feel proud between their families and friends and it give them prestige and status(Kaynak. E, Kara. A, 2000).This shows that products today have now become more symbolic attribute for people. The study therefore focus on the reason that why consumers in the market particularly Pakistan prefer foreign brands over local brands and how culture play a role in molding the perception of consumers in making brand choice for the deep understanding interviews have been conducted with consumers that helps as a qualitative tool for the research to know the attitude and thinking of consumers towards local brand and foreign brands.This study is restricted to upper and middle class. 1. 1. Problem Statement The research evaluates the impact of local and foreign brands on consumer perception and the moderating effect of culture on consumer perception 1. 2. Objectives of the studyThe main objective of the study is to evaluate consumer perception of local and foreign brands in the Pakistani market other objectives are as follows: 1- To analyze the effect of consumer perception for foreign brands and that why people prefer foreign brands over local brands 2- To determine the increase influence of modernization and westernization (impact of culture) affects the consumer perception of brand choice 3- To identify the effect that culture plays a moderating role when consumers make a brand choice between local and foreign brands. . 3. Significance of the research The research is important for the marketers and the companies who want to enter into Pakistan as i t will help them understand the changing perception of Pakistani consumers towards brand choice. While marketing across culture many firms make marketing strategies that emphasized a standardized brand through advertising, symbols and imagery the study help to understand the role of culture differences and acceptance of Pakistani consumers.It tells us how culture plays an important role to understand the perception of consumers, as nowadays there is a trend of westernization and people are blending west with our eastern culture. They are using global brands as to get ideas of other cultures, and they adapt them to make themselves the global consumers. Therefore, this research will be of great help to the managers and companies, as they will get to know the acceptance level of their brand by consumers. In addition, studies aim to add to the knowledge about consumer behavior and their perception of foreign vs. ocal brand in a developing market like Pakistan A firm serving foreign bran ds must understand how consumers in different cultures evaluate the brand. Hence this understanding of consumer choice behavior will benefit both foreign companies and local companies. 1. 4. Scope of the research The scope of the research was to study the perceptional changes of consumer towards brand choice from the twin cities Rawalpindi and Islamabad (The capital of Pakistan). As being a student and resident of Islamabad the study is being done on small scale to get the overall idea about the topic.The samples which seem appropriate for this particular study are consumers from Pakistan 1. 5. Limitation of research The limitations of the study are that the finding is mostly done between students and faculty of different private sector universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Which limit the generalizability of the finding as student represents only a subset of consumers. Future research will be conducted with a sample more representative of the entire consumers. The study selecte d only two foreign brands Levis and Polo. 2.Literature Review 2. 1 Local and Foreign Brands A brand is a â€Å"Name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's good or service as distinct from those of other sellers (Aaker,1996) brand is an image that act as a pathway for image value and differential point (Cretu ; Brodie, 2007; del Rio, Vazquez ; Iglesias, 2001). One of the most cited definition of local brand was formulated by Wolfe (1991; 50) â€Å"A local brand can be defined as a brand that exists in one country or in a limited geographical area† .Where a foreign brand is defined as â€Å"a brand that is marketed under the same name in multiple countries with similar and centrally located coordinated marketing strategies†. Levitt (1983). Competition has now become much complicated for brands as the number of brands originating from the foreign countries are increasing many foreign brands are now competing with domestic brands in all g lobal markets and that foreign brands image is more related from brand country of origin and country image. Kim,C,K. , and Chung,J,Y. (1997) Foreign brands are perceived to be more reliable and safe in terms of quality, technology, status and esteem then local brands . Positive brand image is found in accordance to country of origin perception. Country of origin image influence the brand preference for the consumer so according to (Kinra,N. , 2005) country of origin is considered to be an important factor that differentiate the consumer attitude towards local and foreign brands. In the study of (Marin and Gonzalez, 2008) People preferred foreign brands over local brands because of differentiation and enhanced quality and that’s hy most of the consumers show loyalty towards global brands as far as local brands consumers perceives them in terms of popularity as they are from their own country so people mostly know about them means they are having high awareness level and they v alue to it in terms of fare prices The increase trend of Globalization has forced the companies to take their brands global and invest in them for the companies long term success(Arturo Bris, Willem Smit, and Michael Sorell, 2010) In some cases, preference for local brands may signify defiance against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006).Today’s in this inter connected world markets with its consumers all over the world the global brand creates consumer perception of brand superiority (Shocker, et al, 1994; Kapferer, 1997; Keller, 1994; Ozsomer and Altaras, 2008); and it has been seen that foreign brands have more prestige and status enhancement which make people more likely to prefer foreign brands in their purchase decision (Steenkamp, Batra, and Alden, 2003).The main difference for brand are based on the things which differentiate them from others , something unique, something good it was found by Keller (2003) that brands like FedEx and McDonald form an d create their attractive image in mind of consumers by speed reliability, quality food ,and comfort like characteristics (Harun. A et al. ,2010) consumer purchase intention for local and foreign brand is influence by brand specific variables quality emotional value e. g a sense of happiness and pleasure and need for uniqueness (Kumar. A et al. 2008) On the basis of literature of local and foreign brands it has been proposed 2. 2 Consumer Perception Perception is the process through which consumer attach meaning to the world around us our world consist of the people experiences and objects that influence us (Brignall. M, 1999-2012)Consumer perception is based on demographic variables which also may have an impact on brand preferences (Dogerlioglu-Demir. K , Tansuhaj. P,2011) consumer perception for different brands depend upon the amount of information consumer have with them about it (Vithala R.Rao, 1972) consumer perception , values and behavior towards foreign brands when buying the luxury fashion products is to buy a brand which enhance their status (Jap. W,2010) â€Å"In a nation that has long tradition of valuing ‘face, ‘consumers take luxury products as a symbol of their high social status. † Stated by Simons (2006) status consumption and incorruptibility are strong influencers of purchase intention (Phau. I, Teah. M, 2009). Consumer perception towards brand purchase intention is influenced by perceived quality, perceived risk, perceived value, prestige and involvement of consumer in a brand ( Hanzaee.K. H, Taghipourian. M. J, 2012) consumer perceive quality of a brand from its intrinsic e. g. Performance, Durability and extrinsic cues e. g Brand name and service now consumer perception towards any brand is formed that how effectively a brand satisfy its quality and overall superiority with respect to its consumption experience (Kirmani and Baumgartner 2000). Consumer preference towards foreign products are seen due to the good qualit y , prestige and perceived value perception for foreign brands consumers think that possessing a foreign brand influence the other people perception about them (Ergin. E.A, Akbay. H. O, 2010). So it is well supported in the literature that consumer perceptions are based on variables such as quality, explicit information, social status, prestige like variables consumer prefer to buy a brand that give them feeling of the ambience that creates enjoyment for consumers which is taken as a critical aspect of consumers’ consumption experience and in turn consumers perceive a brand in agreeable with them (Babin et al. , 1994). Brands that prove and indicate reliability and integrity ensure consumer trust in a brand and they create perception of loyalty for the brand ( Ok. C et al. 2011) perceived value is also a key strategic variable that helps explain repeat purchase behavior and brand loyalty (Parasuraman and Grewal 2000 ; Wong. A ;Zhou. L, 2005). 2. 3 Role of Culture What is cult ure? When looking in a national context it’s a way of life – a natural inherited way of life – that includes religion, spirituality, language, moral and social norms, family values, eating habits, and so on. (Tandon. S, 2004). Researchers in consumer behavior are very much aware of the necessity to understand culture so that necessities and behavior of consumers can be very well understood (Graham.R. J, 1981) there is an impact of culture in consumer evaluation(Mattila. A. S,1999) with the increased trend of globalization, cultures trade with each other expand opportunities available to all, Critics of globalization say that even if the increased trade has promote the material success and fortune it comes with high spiritual and cultural cost (Cowen. T, 2003)globalization presents a fundamental challenge to companies around the world (Iversen and Hem 2011; Nijssen and Douglas 2011).Culture, it has well been established in the literature that brands carry and com municate cultural meanings (Aaker, 1997; Aaker et al. , 2001; Escalas and Bettman, 2005). Three levels of Culture identity: individual, relational, and collective are suggested by Brewer and Gardner relational and collective self-identities most closely relate to social identities such as global and national identity. While individual self-identity has more personalized associations (Brewer and Gardner, 1996) (Westjohn. S. A et al. , 2011).In different cultures there are set of shared consumption related symbols, product categories, brands which are known as global consumer cultures and those which are not known to be as local consumer cultures associating a brand with global consumer culture flows brand equity (Dana L. Alden et al. , 1999)in order to analyze a global consumer behavior an analysis of life style and cross cultural analysis of consumer lifestyle and traditional areas of consumer decision making should be focus Hassan. S. S, Kaynak. E,(1994).Ethnocentrism is a concept which was introduced by (Sumner, 1906) (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , and 2008) it represents the universal tendency of people to view their own group as a centre of the universe they look at other social units from their group perspective. And they reject the person who is culturally dissimilar and accept the one without thinking that are culturally like themselves (Evanschitzky. H, et al. , 2008) in order to build a brand across market cultural differences across markets and communities should be analyzed (Moore. J,1993) 2. Link between Local and Foreign brands, Consumer Perception, Culture. While global brands may be perceived as status enhancing tools and vehicles for expressing a desire to be part of the global consumer community, local brands may suggest low status (Batra et al. , 2000) and even closed-mindedness (Steenkamp et al. , 2003). In some cases, preference for local brands may imply resistance against the forces of globalization (Russell and Russell, 2006). Marketers are increasingly applying marketing positioning strategies to appeal to either global or local consumer cultures.In order to measure CE related to foreign- vs non-foreign-made products, (Shimp and Sharma, 1987) introduced a 17-item measurement instrument, the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE) which we use to identify the culture dimensions and their behavior for acceptance and non acceptance of foreign products. Consumer perception or purchase behavior towards domestic and foreign product can be explained by many demographical variables and cross-culture study between two countries (Evanschitzky. H, et al. 2008) Culture orientation influences the local versus foreign origin and effect the consumer evaluation of products either favorable or unfavorable ( Gurhan-Canli. Z , Maheswaran. D, 2000, cited by Lee. W. J et al. , 2012) Due to traditionalism in consumer perception consumers are more loyal towards local products than foreign products (Rojsek. I, 2001) in order to standardized the foreign product in different diverse societies managers must understand the adaptation and competitive advantage and for local brand strategies strength and weaknesses which they can obtain through culture knowledge which can device competitive response. Gelder. S. V,2002) On the basis of above literature we proposed that: H1: The impact of foreign brands on local has positive effect on consumer perception H2: Culture has positive effect on consumer perception H3: Culture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception 3. Theoretical Framework and antecedents of variables Independent Variable Dependent Variable Consumer perception * Explicit information * Social status * Brand Prestige * Brand Value * Brand loyalty * Durability * Price Brand choice * Brand image * Country of origin * Brand awareness Brand quality * Purchase intention * Emotional Value(happiness) * Materialism Culture * Globalization * Collectivism/Individualism * Symbolic Value * Traditionalism * Competition * Ethnocentrism Moderating Variable Figure-1, Theoretical Framework and identified antecedents of the variables 4. Hypothesis H1: The impact of foreign brands on local has positive effect on consumer perception In our first hypothesis we hypothesized that the consumer perception towards foreign brands is more positive than local brands and that they give a preference to foreign brands when they are making a brand choice.A semi-structured questionnaire has been developed to test the validity of the hypothesis. H2: Culture has positive effect on consumer perception Our second hypothesis was build on a perception that culture influence the perception of consumers and that factors like traditionalism, individualism, collectivism, Ethnocentrism like variables play a role in changing and making the perceptions of particular consumers in different part of the world because people living in different geographical areas and has different taste and preferences they have their own symbolic cultural values which come in way.H3: Culture has a moderating effect on brand choice and consumer perception Lastly in our third hypothesis we hypothesized that when consumers make a choice between local and foreign brands their perception is influenced by the cultural values and affect their choice and decisions which they take 5. Data Analysis In order to test our hypothesis and the basic assumptions which we have made for this topic we are going to test this study based on some tests through which we are going to analyze the basic relationship between the chosen variables.To test the validity of our research our testing process will include Bivariate Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis. In Bivariate Correlation we are going to determine that if two variables are linearly related to each other. In Linear Regression Analysis we will see the relationship between our independent variable local and foreign brands and dependant variable consumer perception. Through li near regression the researchers have tried to predict the value of consumer perception based on the value of local and foreign brand choice.Before using the test of linear regression we have make some assumptions that the chosen variables are measured at the interval or continuous level, our variables are approximately normal distributed and that there is a linear relationship between the two variables. We have used different techniques to gather the specified data. We have observed the already done research on this issue for this purpose a thorough analysis of the research papers has been done.A semi-structured questionnaire has been developed related to consumer perception towards local and foreign brands and then interview method and questionnaires were distributed among the sample to get the responses for the topic. 5. 1 Population Our study group consist of the random sample of both men and women which is the representatives of entire population of twin city Islamabad and Rawal pindi (Pakistan) and from students and faculty members of different private universities located in the city, friends and family members were also been approached as this research has been done to get the idea of verall research and to understand and analyze the problem of the research. The research was mandatory as the subject requirement so that we can survey and analyze consumer responses and study their perception changing factors. 5. 2 Sample size Pakistan is a developing country and it has an emerging market. A total of 10 respondents were interviewed face-to-face. Using a semi structured questionnaire and a sample size of 200 respondent data has been collected using a questionnaire and has been analyzed in the twin city of Pakistan. And students and faculty members were studied mostly.Over the last six months considerable amount of effort has been devoted to constructing reliable and valid indicators. 200 respondents were asked to fill a questionnaire which was semi-structure d. 5. 3 Sampling Method If a researcher wants to choose an appropriate data collection approach they must prepare in advance a sampling method. There are many types of sampling method which are divided into probability and non-probability sampling. Due to availability and accessibility of the sampling frame for our research we have chosen a non-probability convenient sampling.Non probability sampling is a sampling method in which researchers can sample the group at random. This means that they can choose the sample that is available or easily approachable. Convenient sampling is a part of a non-probability sampling in it researcher have a sample which is most easily available to them and are geographically very convenient to them. Sampling method is done so that the research gets the result which is the representative of entire population. The research is done for high and middle class in Pakistan to get the idea of the perceptions for the brands from the consumers.And to check the perception and symbolic value which is been given to the brands in term of materialism and social-status price, quality in Pakistan among these two classes. 5. 4 Data Description Table: 1 Correlation Descriptive Statistics| | Mean| Std. Deviation| N| Perception| 1. 98| . 530| 200| Brand| 2. 33| . 428| 200| Culture| 2. 27| . 441| 200| Correlations| | | Perception| Brand| Culture| Perception| Pearson Correlation| 1| | . | | Sig. (2-tailed)| | | . | | N| 200| | | Brand| Pearson Correlation| . 430**| 1| **| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 00| | | | N| 200| 200| | Culture| Pearson Correlation| . 539**| . 402**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| . 000| | | N| 200| 200| 200| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | | Table:2 Linear Regression Analysis Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 587a| . 345| . 338| . 431| a. Predictors: (Constant), Culture, Brand| | ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 19. 258| 2| 9. 629| 51. 790| . 000a| | Residual| 36. 627| 197| . 186| | | Total| 55. 885| 199| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Culture, Brand| | | | b. Dependent Variable: Perception| | | | Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| T| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| . 053| . 196| | . 272| . 786| | Brand| . 316| . 078| . 255| 4. 043| . 000| | Culture| . 525| . 076| . 436| 6. 926| . 000| a. Dependent Variable: Perception| | | | In the first table which is representing the correlation analysis which determines the linear relationship between two variables.The value of our variables is Positive Significant, because of probability value is . 000 and correlation value is greater than 0. 1. We analyzed the value of the variables and there significant relation with each other. The results shows the value of variables as r1=. 430, r2=. 539, r3=. 402 which show significant relationship among three variables as the correlation is significant t he value of our beta is . 255 or. 436 it’s what regression co-efficient would be if the model were fitted to standardized data. Correlation is significant at 0. 1 level, two tailed test results give the value of correlation of . 430 between the independent variable local and foreign brands and dependant variable perception. That shows a strongly positive relationship among the two variables. r2=. 539 is the correlation value between the moderating variables culture and dependant variable perception the value show a more positive relationship between these two variables. The dependant variable consumer perception has more strong relation with the moderating variable culture.Which means that consumer perception has more effect of culture implications, r3=. 403 is the correlation value between the independent variable brand choice (local and foreign) and the moderating variable culture this show a slightly less strong relation among the two as compared to r2. In table: 2 linear regression analysis our result give us the value of R2=. 345 which is a low value that means that model fits the data better our value for the data measured is 34. 5 %. It means that 35 percent of the consumer’s perception for local brands is positive and rest 65. % people prefer to buy foreign brands. F-Statistic determines the overall goodness of the test and strength of the test. The data is collected efficiently if its value is greater than equal to 10. If the probability of a F Statistic is . 000 than the data is reliable and significant. The Value of our Data is 51. 790 and significant with . 000 probability level it means that the data is collected efficiently and data is reliable. 5 Discussion The results drawn above show significant relationship among variables related to consumer perception about the local and foreign brands.It has been seen that Consumer has positive perception towards foreign brands in Pakistan. Consumer give preference to the products made from U S, Japan, France based on the specialty of that particular country. Perception toward a foreign brands are considered superior because of its better quality and perceived globalness its been notice that perception of people for quality towards a local brand is low one of the respondents during an interview for the research tells that as there is already so much corruption in Pakistan.People are so much unsure about the products which are been labeled as made in Pakistan because most of the times the product quality is really low and is never guaranteed. Consumers are more satisfied when they purchase a foreign country product because it give them a sense of happiness. Consumers are ready and willing to pay for a brand who gives them an identity, a sense of trust and that is well recognized among their family and friends. Foreign brands are noticed and appreciated among consumers it make their social status and they feel proud to wear a foreign based brand.In the research of Merino. M (2008) based on Latin America tells that foreign brands are considered to be in a distinct position and that consumers prefer foreign brands over local brands because they are perceived to be more value added for the consumers. While on the other side consumer perception towards a local product is that they are of low price then foreign products and one can easily afford them but don’t value and their purchase intention is low for local products. Existing literature support the view that consumers have different views and distinct preferences for local and foreign brands.As Pakistan is a developing country their preference and perception is really positive towards the brands and products which are foreign made. Uncles,M. , Saurazas,J. , 2000 also explain this fact in their research that consumers who are from developed countries prefer to buy local products means their own country products while the perception of consumers from developing countries prefer to buy foreign pro ducts. They are of the view that the quality of developed country products is most reliable. Consumers were ostly of the view that people buy foreign products as a symbol of materialism there were multiple views about this concept but mostly agree with the fact that consumer do buy foreign products so that they can show to others that they are global consumers and that they are much better than those who did not wear or possess foreign brands with them. They judge a success of a person by the quantity of foreign based brands he/she wear. For these materialistic people value of possession of something means to reflect a social status.Sometimes foreign brands are given preference just because of their attractive outlooks and brand image consumers buy them even if they are not satisfied paying a huge amount of money on it but it somehow enhance their social status in the society and they feel proud when people appreciate them and recognize them with their brands name but even because o f the fact that foreign brands are better in performance, reliability, durability aesthetics and quality. It has seen in a result that many people response were that they regret after buying a foreign brand because of the high prices.But just because they are good in quality and sometimes because of the reference group pressure they buy it. Increased globalization has made the consumers more aware of the brands and people purchase foreign based sometimes because of the explicit information that they receive about it. Hence based on the above discussion our H1 is confirmed 6. 5 Consumer perception and culture West has already impacted a lot in our society which can be clearly seen and observed. Even in clothing people prefer to blend a western touch in their eastern.Many brands like â€Å"Crossroads†, â€Å"Stoneage† are the Pakistani clothing brands which give the blend of west and east clothes on the observation and results of the study it has been well analyzed that foreign brands are and will be widely accepted if introduced in Pakistan even the culture of Pakistan is traditionalist people are very much accepted towards the western society because they are so much impressed with the lifestyle and practices of the west that they want to adopt them in their consumption pattern . Local brands signify their traditions and values but foreign brands give them value and make them feel to be part of a global culture.Now people in Pakistan think that if they don’t know about the particular popular foreign brands they will be considered as backward and not socially compatible with other consumers all over the world they think that different cultures have now many same norms and values there are no significant differences among the societies and they considered them the part of their own culture now. There are very few consumers who have firm beliefs and values still inside them and have ethnocentrism which makes them considered their own culture very important and they don’t like and accept the people and brands which are not the part of their culture.Even for the marketers and companies who want to introduced their brands either local or foreign it is also very much important for them to consider the culture an important factor because without the significant knowledge of the consumers background, attitude, traditions, norms, values, and various other variables like either the culture of a country has collectivism or individualism approach, its going to help them to understand the attitude and behavior and purchace intention of consumers of that particular country how people are going to perceive the brand and how the brand image will be considered according to their culture the research done by Usunier.J, (2000) his findings also tell that culture implications influence the consumer behavior which affects consumption and therefore affecting brand image. It simply exhibits that Consumer perception is influenced by t he moderating role of culture when they are making brand choice between local and foreign brands. 7. Conclusion The research was aimed at understanding of the antecedents on which consumer perception is based and the impact of culture in consumer perception our findings indicate that consumer buy foreign brands because it is well recognized in a society and it give them a sense of having a very high quality product, half of consumers response was that it is also for prestige and status enhancement while mostly did not think it has any effect on buying of foreign products.Pakistani Youth was found to be having favorable perception about foreign brands while the adult consumers still found their own traditions and values and local brands better. 8. Recommendations Looking at the conclusions and the results of the research we hereby have suggest some recommendations for the Marketers and Companies who want to enter Pakistan and how they can advertise their brands so that it will fit wi th the perception of consumers and they accept it and make it a part of their culture, and even for the local brands companies who are already establish and working in Pakistan 1. Companies who want to enter Pakistan should do a though analysis of consumer perception towards that particular product which they are trying to launch whether its fast moving consumer good, clothes or any other.It will help them to get the overall idea about what people are thinking about it. 2. In order to build a brand image Marketers must see the culture factors which are most influencing and effecting the consumer behavior towards the purchase intention Batra, R. ,(2000) 3. Consumer level of ethnocentrism should be taken into consideration. 4. Local brand companies should try to improve the quality of the brands along with the low price in order to overcome the competition which is been given from foreign brands. 5. There is a huge scope for the foreign based companies to enter in the market of Pakist an because of the positive acceptability and perception of foreign brands been found in our research 6.Investors should focus on specified industry to whom they are going to target whether upper or middle class as the upper and middle class have different consumption patterns and they never shop from same shop and they have different income structures as its also been recommended in the research of Bajaj,S. ,(2008) 7. Marketers should focus on making such advertisements that match with local traditions and create emotional value for the consumers. So emotional value towards foreign brands should also be increased 8. 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Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 2. Local brands are given preference because of low price? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 3. Foreign brands are much better in quality then local brands? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 4. You buy a foreign brand because of its brand image? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e.Strongly disagree 5. People purchase foreign brands as a symbol of materialism? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 6. People prefer to buy a brand whose outlooks are attractive? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 7. Buying or wearing foreign brands show a social status of a person? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 8. Foreign brands are more durable and l ong lasting then local? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree . West has impacted a lot in clothing of our society? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 10. Sometimes you buy a brand because of the information you receive from others about it? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 11. US brands are well recognized by consumers around the world. a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 12. Do religious norms stop you from buying foreign products? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 13.Do local brands signify your culture and traditions? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 14. In Pakistan people trust perception for local brands in terms of quality is low? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 15. Due to increase globalization different cultures have many same norms and values? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree 16. Do you ever feel regret after buying foreign brands? a. Strongly agree b. Agree c. Neutral d. Disagree e. Strongly disagree